Electric Flux-

The electric flux through a surface held inside an electric field represents the total number of electric lines of force crossing the surface in a direction normal to the surface.

Electric Lines of Force—

Electric Lines of Force is defined as the curve on which tangent at any point represents the direction of Electric Field.

Properties of Electric Lines of Force—

Torque on a Dipole in a Uniform Electric Field

Electric Field due to Electric Dipole

(i).At an Equatorial Point-

Let an Electric Dipole ‘AB’ having charge -q and +q separated at a distance 2a is placed in vacuum. If P is the point on the axial line at a distance ‘r’ from the centre of dipole, then